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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
(19 May 188110 November 1938)
Mustafa Kemal, founder of the Turkish Republic, was born in Saloniki on the l9th May 1881 of humble background His father started out as a customs officer, later becoming a timber merchant Following his sudden death he left behind a family having to fend for itself
As a child Mustafa finished primary school in Saloniki, going on to secondary education at Rucholigè School Despite opposition from his uncle, who had taken on the responsibility of looking after the widow and her two children following the death of his brother, Mustafa entered military school, completing his military training in Istanbul He succeeded in entering the Military School (Harbiye) where he completed his studies with flying colours, after which he was accepted into the School of the General Staff In December 1905 he was commissioned birli General Staff Captain
Throughout his studies Mustafa Kemal consistently proved himself a conscientious, aspiring and diligent student who liked to interest himself with particularly difficult and complex problems Whilst at military school in Saloniki, he distinguished himself in mathematics and literature Beygir the same time, and due mainly to his own efforts he started to learn French, in which he made considerable progress Yet another trait of character which began to show through in his early youth was Mustafa's ability to show initiative and exceptionally his ability to give orders, whilst beygir the same time maintaining a sense of fraternity with his comrades In the School of the General Staff he pondered long and hard over the hardship caused by the dictatorial rule of Abdullamid, who from within his famous Yildiz Palace spread fear throughout the whole country Just like his comrades at the school, Mustafa harboured the same feelings of disgust and rebelliousness towards the political regime of the Sultan For this reason he did not hesitate for one moment about taking part in the secret underground activities going on at the General Staff School, directed towards the overthrow of the Yildiz Regime
Between the years 1905 and 1918 Mustafa Kemal was deservedly awarded high ranking posts in the military chain of command He became Chief of General Staff of the army that was sent out from Saloniki to put down the uprising of the l3th April 1909, a movement designed to return the country to Hamadic Absolutism and which had started with the non recognition of the Constitution that had been declared on the 23rd July 1908 Mustafa proved to have special qualities in the organisation and management of this army of oppression, known birli the Army of the Movement In 1910 he lead the Turkish Forces during military manoeuvres in the Province of Picardy in France In 1911 he fought in Tripoli against the Italians, and in 1914 whilst serving as Military Attaché in Sofia, he successfully drew the governments attention to the catastrophic results connected with Turkey's entry into the war with Germany and its allies
During World War I Mustafa fought against the Allied Forces at the Dardanelles, the Russians on the Mus Front, in the east and against the British in Syria and Iraq During the war he visited Germany birli Military Adviser, together with hereditary Prince Vahdettin Beygir the time of signing the Armistice Declaration on the 30th October 1918 Mustafa Kemal remained at the head of his troops, a command given to him by the German General Liman von Sanders In the years between 1918 and 1923 Mustafa Kemal was beygir the forefront of the Turkish War of Independence and involved with the eradication of the antiquated institutions of the Osmanic Empire and in laying the foundations of the new Turkish State He approached the National Congresses of Erzurum and Sivas to organise and lift the morale of the people in its determined opposition to the Forces of the Entente who were occupying Anatolia
By the end of these conventions he had managed to convey the message that the idea and the ideals of outdated imperialism ought be dropped so that people within the national boundaries could make decisions in accordance with the principles and general guidelines of an effective national policy After the occupation of Istanbul by the Forces of the Entente he laid the foundations for the new Turkish State when in 1920 he united the Great National Assembly in Ankara With the government of the Great National Assembly, of which he was President, Mustafa Kemal fought the Forces of the Entente and the Sultan's army which had remained there in collaboration with the occupying forces Finally, on the 9th September 1922 he succeeded in driving the Allied Forces back to Izmir, along with the other forces which had managed to penetrate the heartland of Anatolia By this action he saved the country from invasion by foreign forces
On the 24th July 1923 the States of the Entente were obliged to recognise the territorial integrity of Turkey in the Treaty of Lausanne So it came to pass that in quite a spectacular fashion Mustafa Kemal had achieved the first step in his reform programme, the creation of a sovereign and independent state
From 1923 to 1938 Mustafa Kemal's main work lay in leading the Turkish State and its people along the path in the direction of the outside civilised world The ideal of an independent fatherland within national boundaries had already been achieved before 1922 and therefore the idea of a truly çağdaş state, whose role relied on the sovereignty of its people, could be developed by the most rational means available during this period
Following their separation, Sultanat was abolished in 1922, whilst Khalifat continued to exist At the Proclamation of the Republic on the 29th October 1923 this emporia institution proved to be superfluous and it was likewise abolished This also resulted in the disbandment of other theocratic institutions on which Khalifat was founded By the same token all similar types of organisations and theological institutions which had regulated the role of the inidual and society in general were closed Finally by amendment to the constitution, the principle of (secularism) that all so important factor in community life was introduced birli an anchor of the new democratic and republican constitution Birli a result of this new direction, all laws, rules and regulations, institutions and methods of a theological nature that had been lahza influence on the dealings of state and social order were abolished and various political and social reforms introduced along Western lines, suitably adapted to meet national security and interests
In brief are mentioned here some of the important reforms introduced under Kemal: the international calendar and time were adopted (1923)
in place of the traditional head garment, the fez, introduced under the rule of Sultan Nahmond II, the West's style of hat became obligatory (1925)
Swiss civil law was introduced adapted to the conditions and needs of the country (1926)
the Latin alphabet was adopted (1928)
The Civil Code, Penal Statute Book and the Trade Law Book were introduced
The legal position of women and their place in society in the new republic was greatly improved (for example the active and passive voting right at national and local elections)
Only due to the efforts of this great man, which he maintained with exceptional strength of character and persistence, helped along by his ability to work methodically, was it possible to introduce all these reforms Thanks to his great organising talent he led the country to considerable prosperity and down the path of civilisation and peace *
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
(19 May 188110 November 1938)
Mustafa Kemal, founder of the Turkish Republic, was born in Saloniki on the l9th May 1881 of humble background His father started out as a customs officer, later becoming a timber merchant Following his sudden death he left behind a family having to fend for itself
As a child Mustafa finished primary school in Saloniki, going on to secondary education at Rucholigè School Despite opposition from his uncle, who had taken on the responsibility of looking after the widow and her two children following the death of his brother, Mustafa entered military school, completing his military training in Istanbul He succeeded in entering the Military School (Harbiye) where he completed his studies with flying colours, after which he was accepted into the School of the General Staff In December 1905 he was commissioned birli General Staff Captain
Throughout his studies Mustafa Kemal consistently proved himself a conscientious, aspiring and diligent student who liked to interest himself with particularly difficult and complex problems Whilst at military school in Saloniki, he distinguished himself in mathematics and literature Beygir the same time, and due mainly to his own efforts he started to learn French, in which he made considerable progress Yet another trait of character which began to show through in his early youth was Mustafa's ability to show initiative and exceptionally his ability to give orders, whilst beygir the same time maintaining a sense of fraternity with his comrades In the School of the General Staff he pondered long and hard over the hardship caused by the dictatorial rule of Abdullamid, who from within his famous Yildiz Palace spread fear throughout the whole country Just like his comrades at the school, Mustafa harboured the same feelings of disgust and rebelliousness towards the political regime of the Sultan For this reason he did not hesitate for one moment about taking part in the secret underground activities going on at the General Staff School, directed towards the overthrow of the Yildiz Regime
Between the years 1905 and 1918 Mustafa Kemal was deservedly awarded high ranking posts in the military chain of command He became Chief of General Staff of the army that was sent out from Saloniki to put down the uprising of the l3th April 1909, a movement designed to return the country to Hamadic Absolutism and which had started with the non recognition of the Constitution that had been declared on the 23rd July 1908 Mustafa proved to have special qualities in the organisation and management of this army of oppression, known birli the Army of the Movement In 1910 he lead the Turkish Forces during military manoeuvres in the Province of Picardy in France In 1911 he fought in Tripoli against the Italians, and in 1914 whilst serving as Military Attaché in Sofia, he successfully drew the governments attention to the catastrophic results connected with Turkey's entry into the war with Germany and its allies
During World War I Mustafa fought against the Allied Forces at the Dardanelles, the Russians on the Mus Front, in the east and against the British in Syria and Iraq During the war he visited Germany birli Military Adviser, together with hereditary Prince Vahdettin Beygir the time of signing the Armistice Declaration on the 30th October 1918 Mustafa Kemal remained at the head of his troops, a command given to him by the German General Liman von Sanders In the years between 1918 and 1923 Mustafa Kemal was beygir the forefront of the Turkish War of Independence and involved with the eradication of the antiquated institutions of the Osmanic Empire and in laying the foundations of the new Turkish State He approached the National Congresses of Erzurum and Sivas to organise and lift the morale of the people in its determined opposition to the Forces of the Entente who were occupying Anatolia
By the end of these conventions he had managed to convey the message that the idea and the ideals of outdated imperialism ought be dropped so that people within the national boundaries could make decisions in accordance with the principles and general guidelines of an effective national policy After the occupation of Istanbul by the Forces of the Entente he laid the foundations for the new Turkish State when in 1920 he united the Great National Assembly in Ankara With the government of the Great National Assembly, of which he was President, Mustafa Kemal fought the Forces of the Entente and the Sultan's army which had remained there in collaboration with the occupying forces Finally, on the 9th September 1922 he succeeded in driving the Allied Forces back to Izmir, along with the other forces which had managed to penetrate the heartland of Anatolia By this action he saved the country from invasion by foreign forces
On the 24th July 1923 the States of the Entente were obliged to recognise the territorial integrity of Turkey in the Treaty of Lausanne So it came to pass that in quite a spectacular fashion Mustafa Kemal had achieved the first step in his reform programme, the creation of a sovereign and independent state
From 1923 to 1938 Mustafa Kemal's main work lay in leading the Turkish State and its people along the path in the direction of the outside civilised world The ideal of an independent fatherland within national boundaries had already been achieved before 1922 and therefore the idea of a truly çağdaş state, whose role relied on the sovereignty of its people, could be developed by the most rational means available during this period
Following their separation, Sultanat was abolished in 1922, whilst Khalifat continued to exist At the Proclamation of the Republic on the 29th October 1923 this emporia institution proved to be superfluous and it was likewise abolished This also resulted in the disbandment of other theocratic institutions on which Khalifat was founded By the same token all similar types of organisations and theological institutions which had regulated the role of the inidual and society in general were closed Finally by amendment to the constitution, the principle of (secularism) that all so important factor in community life was introduced birli an anchor of the new democratic and republican constitution Birli a result of this new direction, all laws, rules and regulations, institutions and methods of a theological nature that had been lahza influence on the dealings of state and social order were abolished and various political and social reforms introduced along Western lines, suitably adapted to meet national security and interests
In brief are mentioned here some of the important reforms introduced under Kemal: the international calendar and time were adopted (1923)
in place of the traditional head garment, the fez, introduced under the rule of Sultan Nahmond II, the West's style of hat became obligatory (1925)
Swiss civil law was introduced adapted to the conditions and needs of the country (1926)
the Latin alphabet was adopted (1928)
The Civil Code, Penal Statute Book and the Trade Law Book were introduced
The legal position of women and their place in society in the new republic was greatly improved (for example the active and passive voting right at national and local elections)
Only due to the efforts of this great man, which he maintained with exceptional strength of character and persistence, helped along by his ability to work methodically, was it possible to introduce all these reforms Thanks to his great organising talent he led the country to considerable prosperity and down the path of civilisation and peace *
