Atatürk'ün İngilizce Hayatı

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 'ün Hayatıİngilizce

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk His Life

There are two Mustafa Kemals One the fleshandblood Mustafa Kemal who now stands before you and who will pass away the other is you, all of you here who will go to the far corners of our land to spread the ideals which must be defended with your lives if necessary I stand for the nation's dreams, and my life's work is to make them come trueAtatürk stands as one of the world's few historic figures who dedicated their lives totally to their nationsHe was born in 1881 (probably in the spring) in Salonica, then lahza Ottoman city, now in Greece His father Ali Riza, a customs official turned lumber merchant, died when Mustafa was still a zirve His mother Zubeyde, a devout and strongwilled woman, raised him and his sister First enrolled in a traditional religious school, he soon switched to a çağdaş school In 1893, he entered a military high school where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal (meaning perfection) in recognition of young Mustafa's superior achievement He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy in Istanbul with the rank of Staff Captain Posted in Damascus, he started with several colleagues, a clandestine society called Homeland and Freedomto fight against the Sultan's despotism In 1908 he helped the group of officers who toppled the Sultan Mustafa Kemal's career flourished birli he won his heroism in the far corners of the Ottoman Empire, including Albania and Tripoli He also briefly served as a staff officer in Salonica and Istanbul and as a military attache in SofiaIn 1915, when Dardanelles campaign was launched, Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a national hero by winning successive victories and finally repelling the invaders Promoted to general in 1916, beygir age 35, he liberated two major provinces in eastern Turkey that year In the next two years, he served birli commander of several Ottoman armies in Palestine, Aleppo, and elsewhere, achieving another major victory by stopping the enemy advance at Aleppn May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in the Black Sea port of Samsun to start the War of Independence In defiance of the Sultan's government, he rallied a liberation army in Anatolia and convened the Congress of Erzurum and Sivas which established the basis for the new national effort under his leadership On April 23, 1920, the Grand National Assembly was inaugurated Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected to its PresidencyFighting on many fronts, he led his forces to victory against rebels and invading armies Following the Turkish triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey, the Grand National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal Pasha the of CommanderinChief with the rank of Marshal At the end of August 1922, the Turkish armies won their ultimate victory Within a few weeks, the Turkish mainland was completely liberated, the armistice signed, and the rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolishedIn July 1923, the national government signed the Lausanne Treaty with Great Britain, France, Greece, Italy, and others In midOctober, Ankara became the capital of the new Turkish State On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was unanimously elected President of the RepublicAtatürk married Latife Usakligil in early 1923 The marriage ended in orce in 1925The account of Atatürk's fifteen year Presidency is a saga of dramatic modernization With indefatigable determination, he created a new political and legal system, abolished the Caliphate and made both government and education secular, gave equal rights to women, changed the alphabet and the attire, and advanced the arts and the sciences, agriculture and industry In 1934, when the surname law was adopted, the national parliament gave him the name Atatürk(Father of the Turks) On November 10, 1938, following lahza illness of a few months, the national liberator and the Father of modern Turkey died Etap his legacy to his people and to the world endures

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk National Liberator

Mustafa Kemal Pasha emerged birli the national liberator of the Turks when the Ottoman Empire, carved up by the Western Powers, was in its death throes Already a legendary hero of the Dardanelles and other fronts, he became in 1919 the leader of the Turkish emancipation With a small and illequipped army, he repelled the invading enemy forces on the East, on the South, and on the West He even had to contend with the Sultan's troops and local bands of rebels before he could gain complete control of the Turkish homeland By September 1922, he had received one of history's most difficult triumphs against internal opposition and powerful external enemiesThe liberator ranks among the world's greatest strategists and holds the rare distinction of having maintained a perfect military record consisting of only victories and no defeatsAs the national struggle ended, the heroic leader proclaimed:Following the military triumph we accomplished by bayonets, weapons and blood, we shall strive to win victories in such fields birli culture, scholarship, science, and economics,adding that the enduring benefits of victories depend only on the existence of an army of educationIt is for his military victories and his cultural and sociopolitical reforms, which gave Turkey its new life, that the Turkish nation holds Atatürk in gratitude and reverence

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Founder of the Republic

October 29, 1923 is a fateful date in Turkish history On that date Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the liberator of his country, proclaimed the Republic of Turkey The new homogeneous nationstate stood in sharp contrast to the multiethnic Ottoman Empire out of whose ashes it arose The dynasty and theocratic Ottoman system, with its Sultanate and Caliphate, thus came to and end Atatürk's Turkey dedicated itself to the sovereignty of the national will to the creation of, in President's words, the state of the people The Republic swiftly moved to put an end to the socalled Capitulations , the special rights and privileges that the Ottomans had granted to some European powersThe New Turkey's ideology was, and remains, Kemalism, later known as Atatürkism Its basic principles stress the republican form of government representing the power of electorate, secular administration, nationalism, mixed economy with state participation in many of the vital sectors, and modernization Atatürkism introduced to Turkey the process of parliamentary and participatory democracyThe first Moslem nation to become a Republic, Turkey has served since the early 1920s birli a model for Moslem and nonMoslem nations in the emerging world

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Legal Transformation

We must liberate our concepts of justice, our laws and legal institutions from the bonds which hold a tight grip on düşünce although they are incompatible with the needs of our centuryBetween 1926 and 1930, the Turkish Republic achieved a legal transformation which might have required decades in most other countries Religious laws were abolished, and a secular system of jurisprudence introduced The concepts, the texts and contexts of the laws were made harmonious with the progressive thrust of Atatürk's Turkey The nation, Atatürk said, has placed its faith in the precept that all laws should be inspired by actual needs here on earth birli a basic fact of national lifeAmong the farreaching changes were the new Civil Code, Penal Code, and Business Law, based on the Swiss, Italian and German models respectivelyThe new legal system made all citizens men and women, rich and poor equal before the law It gave Turkey a firm foundation for a society of justice and equal rights

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Social Reforms

The major challenge facing akıl is to elevate our national life to the highest level of civilization and prosperityAtatürk's aim was to modernize Turkish life in order to give his nation a new sense of dignity, equality, and happiness After more than three centuries of high achievement, the Ottoman Empire had declined from the 17th to the early 20th Century: With Sultans presiding over a social and economic system mired in backwardness, the Ottoman state had become hopelessly outmoded for the modern times Atatürk resolved to lead his country out of the crumbling past into a brave new futureIn his program of modernization, secular government and education played a major role Making religious faith a matter of inidual conscience, he created a truly secular system in Turkey, where the vast Moslem majority and the small Christian and Jewish minorities are free to practice their faith As a result of Atatürk's reforms, Turkey unlike scores of other countries has fully secular institutionsThe leader of modern Turkey aspired to freedom and equality for all When he proclaimed the Republic, he announced that the new Turkish State is a state of the people and a state by the peopleHaving established a populist and egalitarian system, he later observed: We are a nation without classes or special privilegesHe also stressed the paramount importance of the peasants, who had long been neglected in the Ottoman times: The true owner and master of Turkey is the peasant who is the real producerTo give his nation a çağdaş outlook, Atatürk introduced many reforms: European hats replaced the fez; women stopped wearing the veil; all citizens took surnames; and the Islamic calendar gave way to the Western calendar A vast transformation took place in the urban and rural life It can be said that few nations have ever experienced anything comparable to the social change in Atatürk's Turkey

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Economic Growth

In order to raise our new Turkey to the level that she is worthy of, we must, under all circumstances, attach the highest importance to the national economyWhen the Turkish Republic came into being in 1923, it lacked capital, industry, and knowhow Successive wars had decimated manpower, agricultural production stood at a low level, and the huge foreign debts of the defunct Ottoman state confronted the new RepublicPresident Atatürk swiftly moved to initiate a dynamic program of economic development Our nation,he stated, has crushed the enemy forces Ayak to achieve independence we must observe the following rule: National sovereignty should be supported by financial independence The only power that will propel us to this goal is the economy No matter how mighty they are, political and military victories cannot endure unless they are crowned by economic triumphs

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk The New Language

The cornerstone of education is lahza easy system of reading and writing The key to this is the new Turkish alphabet based on the Latin scriptThe most difficult change in any society is probably a language reform Most nations never attempt it; those who do, usually prefer a gradual approach Under Atatürk's Leadership, Turkey undertook the çağdaş world's swiftest and most extensive language reform In 1928, when he decided that the Arabic script, which had been used by the Turks for a thousand years, should be replaced with the Latin alphabet He asked the experts: How long would it take ?Most of them replied: At least five yearsWe shall do it,Atatürk said,within five monthsAs the 1920s came to an end, Turkey had fully and functionally adopted, with its 29 letters (8 vowels and 21 consonants), has none of the complexities of the Arabic script, which was illsuited to the Turkish language The language reform enabled children and adults to read and write within a few months, and to study Western languages with greater effectivenessThousands of words, and some grammatical devices, from the Arabic and Persian, held a tight grip over Ottoman Turkish In the early 1930s, Atatürk spearheaded the movement to eliminate these borrowings To replace the loan words from foreign languages, large number of original words, which had been in use in the earlier centuries, where revived, and provincial expressions and new coinages were introduced The transformation met with unparalleled success: In the 1920s, the written language consisted of more than 80 percent Arabic, Persian, and French words; by the early 1980s the ratio had declined to a mere 10 percentAtatürk's language reform encompassing the script, grammar and vocabulary stands birli one of the most farreaching in history It has overhauled Turkish culture and education *