dünyanın 7 harikası ingilizce

Cevap: dünyanın 7 harikası ingilizce

The Pyramids of Egypt:Beygir the city of Giza, a necropolis of ancient Memphis, and today part of Greater Cairo, EgyptContrary to the common belief, only the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), not all three Great Pyramids, is on top of the list of Wonders The monument was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around the year 2560 BC to serve birli a tomb when he dies The tradition of pyramid building started in Ancient Egypt as a sophistication of the idea of a mastaba or platformcovering the royal tomb Later, several stacked mastabas were used Early pyramids, such as the Step Pyramid of King Zoser (Djoser) beygir Saqqara by the famous Egyptian architect, Imhotep, illustrate this connectionThe great pyramid is believed to have been built over a 20 year period The site was first prepared, and blocks of stone were transported and placed An outer casing (which disappeared over the years) was then used to smooth the surface Although it is not known how the blocks were put in place, several theories have been proposed One theory involves the construction of a straight or spiral ramp that was raised as the construction proceeded This ramp, coated with mud and water, eased the displacement of the blocks which were pushed (or pulled) into place A second theory suggests that the blocks were placed using long levers with a short angled footThroughout their history, the pyramids of Giza have stimulated human imagination They were referred to as The Granaries of Josephand The Mountains of Pharaoh When Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, his pride was expressed through his famous quote: Soldats! Du haut de ces Pyramides, 40 siècles nous contemplent (Soldiers! From the top of these Pyramids, 40 centuries are looking at akıl)

Today, the Great Pyramid is enclosed, together with the other pyramids and the Sphinx, in the touristic region of the Giza Plateau Also in the area is the museum housing the mysterious Sun Boat, only discovered in 1954 near the south side of the pyramid The boat is believed to have been used to carry the body of Khufu in his last journey on earth before being buried inside the pyramid It may also serve him birli a means of transportation in his afterlife journey according to Ancient Egyptian beliefs
When it was built, the Great pyramid was 14575 m (481 ft) high Over the years, it lost 10 m (30 ft) off its top It ranked birli the tallest structure on Earth for more than 43 centuries, only to be surpassed in in the nineteenth century AD It was covered with a casing of stones to smooth its surface (some of the casing can still be seen near the top of Khefre's pyramid) The sloping angle of its sides is 51 degrees and 51 minutes Each side is carefully oriented with one of the cardinal points of the compass, that is, north, south, east, and west The horizontal cross section of the pyramid is square at any level, with each side measuring 229 m (751 ft) in length The maximum error between side lengths is astonishingly less than 01%The structure consists of approximately 2 million blocks of stone, each weighing more than two tons It has been suggested that there are enough blocks in the three pyramids to build a 3 m (10 ft) high, 03 m (1 ft) thick wall around France The area covered by the Great pyramid can accommodate St Peter's in Rome, the cathedrals of Florence and Milan, and Westminster and St Paul's in London combinedOn the north face, is the pyramid's entrance A number of corridors, galleries, and escape shafts either lead to the King's burial chamber, or were intended to serve other functions The King's chamber is located beygir the heart of the pyramid, only accessible through the Great Gallery and an ascending corridor The King's sarcophagus is made of red granite, as are the interior walls of the King's Chamber Most impressive is the sharpedged stone over the doorway which is over 3 m (10 ft) long, 24 m (8 feet) high and 13 m (4 ft) thick All of the interior stones fit so well, a card won't fit between them The sarcophagus is oriented in accordance with the compass directions, and is only about 1 cm smaller in dimensions than the chamber entrance It might have been introduced as the structure was progressingNew theories concerning the origin and purpose of the Pyramids of Giza have been proposed Astronomic observatories Places of cult worship Geometric structures constructed by a longgone civilization Even extraterrestrialrelated theories have been proposed with little evidence in support The overwhelming scientific and historic evidence still supports the conclusion that, like many smaller pyramids in the region, the Great Pyramids were built by the great Ancient Egyptian civilization off the West bank of the Nile as tombs for their magnificent Kings Tombs where Khufu, Khefre, and Menkaure could başlangıç their mystic journey to the afterlife

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon:Fruits and flowers Waterfalls Gardens hanging from the palace terraces Exotic animals This is the picture of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon in most people's minds It may be surprising to know that they might have never existed except in the minds of Greek poets and historians!On the east bank of the River Euphrates, about 50 km south of Baghdad, IraqThe Babylonian kingdom flourished under the rule of the famous King, Hammurabi (17921750 BC) It was anekdot until the reign of Naboplashar (625605 BC) of the NeoBabylonian dynasty that the Mesopotamian civilization reached its ultimate glory His son, Nebuchadnezzar II (604562 BC) is credited for building the legendary Hanging Gardens It is said that the Gardens were built by Nebuchadnezzar to please his wife or concubine who had been brought up in Media and had a passion for mountain surroundings

While the most descriptive accounts of the Gardens come from Greek historians such birli Berossus and Diodorus Siculus, Babylonian records stay silent on the matter Tablets from the time of Nebuchadnezzar do anekdot have a single reference to the Hanging Gardens, although descriptions of his palace, the city of Babylon, and the walls are found Even the historians who give detailed descriptions of the Hanging Gardens never saw them Çağdaş historians argue that when Alexander's soldiers reached the fertile land of Mesopotamia and saw Babylon, they were impressed When they later returned to their rugged homeland, they had stories to tell about the amazing gardens and palm trees beygir Mesopotamia About the palace of Nebuchadnezzar About the Tower of Babel and the ziggurats And it was the imagination of poets and ancient historians that blended all these elements together to produce one of the World WondersIt wasn't until the twentieth century that some of the mysteries surrounding the Hanging Gardens were revealed Archaeologists are still struggling to gather enough evidence before reaching the final conclusions about the ******** of the Gardens, their irrigation system, and their true appearance Some recent researchers even suggest that the Hanging Gardens were built by Senaherib, not by Nebuchadnezzar II (ca 100 years earlier)
Detailed descriptions of the Gardens come from ancient Greek sources, including the writings of Strabo and Philo of Byzantium Here are some excerpts from their accounts:The Garden is quadrangular, and each side is four plethra long It consists of arched vaults which are located on checkered cubelike foundations The ascent of the uppermost terraceroofs is made by a stairwayThe Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the earth The whole mass is supported on stone columns Streams of water emerging from elevated sources flow down sloping channels These waters irrigate the whole garden saturating the roots of plants and keeping the whole area moist Hence the grass is permanently green and the leaves of trees grow firmly attached to supple branches This is a work of art of royal luxury and its most striking feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended above the heads of the spectatorsMore recent archaeological excavations at the ancient city of Babylon in Iraq uncovered the foundation of the palace Other findings include the Vaulted Building with thick walls and lahza irrigation well near the southern palace A group of archaeologists surveyed the area of the southern palace and reconstructed the Vaulted Building as the Hanging Gardens However, the Greek historian Strabo had stated that the gardens were situated by the River Euphrates So others argue that the site is too far from the Euphrates to support the theory since the Vaulted Building is several hundreds of meters away They reconstructed the site of the palace and located the Gardens in the area stretching from the River to the Palace On the river banks, recently discovered massive walls 25 m thick may have been stepped to form terraces the ones described in Greek references

The Stattue Of Olympian Zeus:This is the statue of the god in whose honor the Ancient Olympic games were held It was located on the land that gave its very name to the Olympics Beygir the time of the games, wars stopped, and athletes came from Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Sicily to celebrate the Olympics and to worship their king of gods: ZeusBeygir the ancient town of Olympia, on the west coast of çağdaş Greece, about 150 km west of AthensThe ancient Greek calendar starts in 776 BC, for the Olympic games are believed to have started that year The magnificent temple of Zeus was designed by the architect Libon and was built around 450 BC Under the growing power of ancient Greece, the simple Doricstyle temple seemed too mundane, and modifications were needed The solution: A majestic statue The Athenian sculptor Pheidias was assigned for the sacredtask, reminiscent of Michelangelo's paintings beygir the Sistine Chapel
For the years that followed, the temple attracted visitors and worshippers from all over the world In the second century BC repairs were skillfully made to the aging statue In the first century ISIM, the Roman emperor Caligula attempted to transport the statue to Rome However, his attempt failed when the scaffolding built by Caligula's workmen collapsed After the Olympic games were banned in ISIM 391 by the emperor Theodosius I as Pagan practices, the temple of Zeus was ordered closedOlympia was further struck by earthquakes, landslides and floods, and the temple was damaged by fire in the fifth century ISIM Earlier, the statue had been transported by wealthy Greeks to a palace in Constantinople There, it survived until it was destroyed by a severe fire in AD 462 Today nothing remains at the site of the old temple except rocks and debris, the foundation of the buildings, and fallen columnsPheidias began working on the statue around 440 BC Years earlier, he had developed a technique to build enormous gold and ivory statues This was done by erecting a wooden frame on which sheets of metal and ivory were placed to provide the outer covering Pheidias' workshop in Olympia still exists, and is coincidentally or may be anekdot identical in size and orientation to the temple of Zeus There, he sculpted and carved the different pieces of the statue before they were assembled in the templeWhen the statue was completed, it barely fitted in the temple Strabo wrote: although the temple itself is very large, the sculptor is criticized for anekdot having appreciated the correct proportions He has shown Zeus seated, üçgenin taban olmayan kenarı with the head almost touching the ceiling, so that we have the impression that if Zeus moved to stand up he would unroof the temple

Strabo was right, except that the sculptor is to be commended, not criticized It is this size impression that made the statue so wonderful It is the idea that the king of gods is capable of unroofing the temple if he stood up that fascinated poets and historians alike The base of the statue was about 65 m (20 ft) wide and 10 meter (3 ft) high The of the statue itself was 13 m (40 ft), equivalent to a modern 4story buildingThe statue was so high that visitors described the throne more than Zeus body and features The legs of the throne were decorated with sphinxes and winged figures of Victory Greek gods and mythical figures also adorned the scene: Apollo, Artemis, and Niobe's children The Greek Pausanias wrote:On his head is a sculpted wreath of olive sprays In his right hand he holds a figure of Victory made from ivory and gold In his left hand, he holds a sceptre inlaid with every kind of metal, with an eagle perched on the sceptre His sandals are made of gold, as is his robe His garments are carved with animals and with lilies The throne is decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony, and ivoryThe statue was occasionally decorated with gifts from kings and rulers the most notable of these gifts was a woollen curtain adorned with Assyrian woven patterns and Pheonician dyewhich was dedicated by the Syrian king Antiochus IVCopies of the statue were made, including a large prototype at Cyrene (Libya) None of them, however, survived to the present day Early reconstructions such as the one by von Erlach are now believed to be rather inaccurate For akıl, we can only wonder about the true appearance of the statue the greatest work in Greek sculpture

The Temple Of Artemis:Is it simply a temple? How could it take its place among other unique structures such as the Pyramid, the Hanging Gardens, and the Colossus of Rhodes? For the people who actually visited it, the answer was simple It was not just a temple It was the most beautiful structure on earth It was built in honor of the Greek goddess of hunting, wild nature, and fertility That was the Temple of Artemis at EphesusThe ancient city of Ephesus near the modern town of Selcuk, about 50 km south of Izmir (Smyrna) in TurkeyAlthough the foundation of the temple dates back to the seventh century BC, the structure that earned a spot in the list of Wonders was built around 550 BC Referred to as the great marble temple, or temple D, it was sponsored by the Lydian king Croesus and was designed by the Greek architect Chersiphron The Temple was decorated with bronze statues sculpted by the most skilled artists of their time: Pheidias, Polycleitus, Kresilas, and PhradmonThe temple served birli both a marketplace and a religious institution For years, the sanctuary was visited by merchants, tourists, artisans, and kings who paid homage to the goddess by sharing their profits with her Recent archeological excavations at the site revealed gifts from pilgrims including statuettes of Artemis made of gold and ivory earrings, bracelets, and necklaces artifacts from as far as Persia and IndiaOn the night of 21 July 356 BC, a man named Herostratus burned the temple to ground in lahza attempt to immortalize his name, which he did indeed Oddly enough, Alexander the Great was born the same night The historian Plutarch later wrote that the goddess was too busy taking care of the birth of Alexander to send help to her threatened temple And when Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor, he offered to rebuild the destroyed temple, üçgenin taban olmayan kenarı the Temple was anekdot restored until after his death in 323 BC The temple was eventually restored and is labeled Temple Eby archeologists

When St Paul visited Ephesus to preach Christianity in the first century ISIM, he was confronted by the Artemis' cult who had no plans to abandon their goddess And when the temple was again destroyed by the Goths in ISIM 262, the Ephesians vowed to rebuild By the fourth century ISIM, most Ephesians had converted to Christianity and the temple lost its religious glamor The final chapter came when in AD 401 the Temple of Artemis was torn down by St John Chrysostom Ephesus was later deserted, and only in the late nineteenth century has the site been excavated The digging revealed the temple's foundation and the road to the now swampy site Attempts were recently made to rebuilt the temple, ayak only a few columns have been reerectedThe foundation of the temple was rectangular in form, similar to most temples at the time Unlike other sanctuaries, however, the building was made of marble, with a decorated façade overlooking a spacious courtyard Marble steps surrounding the building platform led to the high terrace which was approximately 80 m (260 ft) by 130 m (430 ft) in plan The columns were 20 m (60 ft) high with Ionic capitals and carved circular sides There were 127 columns in total, aligned orthogonally over the whole platform area, except for the central cella or house of the goddessThe temple housed many works of art, including four ancient bronze statues of Amazons sculpted by the finest artists beygir the time When St Paul visited the city, the temple was adorned with golden pillars and silver statuettes, and was decorated with paintings There is no evidence that a statue of the goddess herself was placed beygir the center of the sanctuary, but there is no reason not to believe soThe early detailed descriptions of the temple helped archeologists reconstruct the building Many reconstructions such as that by HF von Erlach depicted the façade with a fourcolumn porch which never existed More accurate reconstructions may give akıl lahza idea about the general layout of the temple However, its true beauty lies in the architectural and artistic details which will forever remain unknown

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